Dongguk University Researchers Develop Battery-Free Flexible Device for Neuromorphic Sensing

 

Sometimes I stumble onto some really cool things to tell you about.  Today is one of those times.  Today's post might have the potential to really shake things up in both healthcare and our lives in general.  In the last few years, medical sensors have become more common.  Patients can wear devices that sense and record data that can be evaluated by their healthcare team.  The problem with any kind of electronic device is power.  Sensors and the systems that run them need batteries.

Recently researchers in South Korea have developed tiny neuromorphic sensors that can generate their own power.  They mimic the way the human body powers the sense of touch.  This could lead to an entire new class of devices.  The press release is below:

Researchers have developed a new self-powered, flexible neuromorphic sensing platform

Wearable neuromorphic devices could enable low-power sensing and health-monitoring technologies, but many existing architectures rely on external power sources. Researchers have developed a flexible, self-powered neuromorphic device that combines a triboelectric nanogenerator with an ion-gel-gated transistor to convert mechanical movement into electrical spikes that regulate synaptic behavior. The device reproduces hierarchical memory and spike-rate-dependent learning, highlighting its potential for future wearable neuromorphic applications.

Neuromorphic devices, which are designed to emulate aspects of biological neural networks, are promising candidates for developing low-power and intelligent sensing technologies, including wearable applications. Among the device architectures explored for neuromorphic computing, graphene-channel ion-gel-gated transistors (g-IGTs) are attractive because of their electronic properties, flexibility, and ability to modulate synaptic weights. Their low-voltage operation and ability to modulate synaptic weights make them attractive for mimicking the behavior of biological synapses. However, most current g-IGTs still rely on external power supplies, limiting practical use in wearable neuromorphic systems.  Addressing this challenge, a research team led by Professor Sejoon Lee from the Department of System Semiconductor at Dongguk University in South Korea has developed a battery-free, self-powered and flexible g-IGT device driven by a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). TENGs convert mechanical stimuli, such as body movement, touch, or vibration, into electrical signals.  Their study was made available online on March 09, 2026, and published in Volume 38, Issue 37 of Advanced Materials on July 02, 2026.

Explaining their inspiration, Prof. Lee says, “In human tactile perception mechanoreceptors sense even minute mechanical disturbances and convert them into neural spikes. To replicate this process electronically, we integrated a triboelectric nanogenerator with a g-IGT that converts mechanical stimuli into electrical signals that directly regulate artificial synaptic behavior without requiring external power.”

In the human arm, mechanoreceptors convert skin deformation into electrical signals that are transmitted through neurons and processed at synapses. Mimicking this process, the proposed device employs two TENGs connected to a single g-IGT. The TENG connected to the g-IGT gate supplies pre-synaptic spikes, while the drain-side TENG provides post-synaptic spikes. When TENGs sense mechanical stimuli such as touch, they produce voltage pulses that drive the synaptic response of the g-IGT. This circuit operates entirely without an external power source, harvesting energy directly from mechanical stimuli.

Importantly, the researchers demonstrated that the device can exhibit hierarchical memory processes, similar to biological neural networks. Specifically, the device can exhibit sensory memory with a decay time of about 70 milliseconds and short-term memory (STM) with decay times of 0.2–0.45 seconds. In addition, repeated stimulation can transition short-term memory toward long-term memory, with a decay time exceeding 2 seconds.

The researchers also demonstrated spike-rate-dependent plasticity (SRDP), a fundamental learning and memory mechanism, enabling synaptic strength to change according to the frequency of incoming spikes. This SRDP functionality remained stable even under bending.

Furthermore, the researchers evaluated the device’s learning capability by implementing its experimentally measured synaptic behavior in a single-layer artificial neural network for human activity recognition. Using publicly available human-motion data, the system classified six human activities: walking, sitting, standing, lying, walking upstairs and walking downstairs, with 88.05% accuracy using TENG-driven synaptic behavior under bending. Under high-noise conditions, the system maintained more than 75% accuracy, although performance decreased under extreme signal distortion.

Potential applications of this technology include self-powered wearable health-monitoring devices, electronic skin, smart prosthetics, human–machine interfaces, and intelligent motion-monitoring systems.

Looking ahead, Prof. Lee says, “Our research could contribute to a new generation of wearable artificial intelligence systems that operate with minimal reliance on batteries or external computing resources. More broadly, our work points toward self-powered neuromorphic electronics with integrated sensing, memory, learning, and information processing in a single flexible platform.”

Ask Not What Dentistry can do for You...

 

As regular readers know, I'm a supporter of organized dentistry.  When I was just getting started, I questioned the value.  Money was so tight, could I afford to pay the dues?  Was it really worth the money?  The reason I paid those dues in the early days wasn't because I felt obligated, I did it because of the influence from some people I respected.

My era of dental school was more about students being browbeat by the instructors.  I often felt like the least qualified student on the planet and unfortunately almost everyone in my class felt the same way.  However, there were a few of the instructors who were collegial and supportive.  It was that tiny group of doctors, the ones who made me feel like I could succeed, that told me "Be sure to join the ADA.  Being a member is important and it's something that is the right thing to do.  Dentists who believe in the benefits of the profession are the ones who are members."  They also told me that after I was established in the profession, that being a member would make more sense to me.

I trusted those doctors.  They believed in me, and the way I could show their influence was by being a member as well.  The wise advice they gave me turned out to be remarkably true.

I think one of the reasons I'm such a supporter of the ADA is not because I wanted to be in the House of Delegates or to be a Trustee.  I joined because people I trusted said it was valuable and important.  They said as I got a bit of perspective, I'd understand.  They were right.  There were several years as I was getting started that I thought about not paying the dues, but I did.  If I had left, I would regret it terribly today.  I was *wrong* in thinking there wasn't enough value, and I think when an individual's thinking shifts 180 degrees they become passionate about not letting others make the same mistake.  There is tremendous value in organized dentistry... even if all you do is pay your dues.

A recent article in ADA News summed up my feelings incredibly well.  If you are not a member or are thinking of not renewing your membership, read this My View column.  I think it answers the question of "why join"perfectly.  We are better together!

From eAssist: Important Security Notice for Former eAssist Customers

 

Last week, I posted about a cyber security incident that recently happened to eAssist Dental Solutions.  

Our office had been a client of eAssist a couple of years ago.  Due to that relationship, the company included me in a follow-up email.  I think, from a business and customer service standpoint, this is a smart move.  Incidents like this need to be handled in the best way possible and contacting customers, even former customers, shows that they are trying to handle this by owning the problem.  No company or customer ever wants to deal with the fallout from any type of hack, but unfortunately these things happen.  Obviously, the best thing would be to eliminate these types of situations, however if they happen, they need to be dealt with in a trasparent manner.

On the rare chance that you are a former or current customer and haven't yet seen this email, I've got it in its entirety below.

 

 

Hello, 

We are reaching out because your office previously worked with eAssist Dental Solutions.

eAssist recently became aware of a potential information security incident involving our systems. We immediately engaged third-party cybersecurity and forensic experts to assist with our investigation and response, and we have taken steps to contain the incident.

As part of our ongoing investigation, we determined that the data potentially involved may have included usernames and passwords used by eAssist team members to access customer systems. Consequently, we strongly recommend that former eAssist customers take the following steps:

Change all active passwords for any credentials that were assigned to or shared with eAssist, including, as applicable, credentials related to practice management systems, clearinghouses, claim software, payer portals, desktop logins, email accounts, and office-managed VPNs.

Remove any old or inactive eAssist user accounts that may still be active in those systems.

If any credentials or other sensitive information were contained in a shared document or spreadsheet that your office created and provided to eAssist, these shared documents should be deleted.

These recommendations are precautionary measures intended to help safeguard your systems and information.

If you have questions regarding this notice, please contact Amy Spaulding, Sr. Director of Operations, at clientcare@eassist.me.

Sincerely,

eAssist Dental Solutions

ShinyHunters Claims to Have Hacked the FBI: If They Can Get In There, What About Your Dental Practice?

 

I've been following cybersecurity for quite a while now, and every so often a story comes along that really gets my attention.  This is definitely one of those stories.

The hacking group known as ShinyHunters is claiming to have breached the FBI and stolen sensitive information about thousands of FBI agents, employees, and job applicants.  Yes, you read that correctly. The FBI.  The same organization that investigates cybercrime and helps protect the rest of us from hackers is now investigating a possible breach of its own systems.  And while this story is still developing, I think there are some important lessons here for all of us in dentistry.

What Happened?

On September 22, ShinyHunters announced that it had compromised FBI systems and obtained sensitive personal information about current and former employees, as well as individuals who had applied for jobs with the agency.

The group reportedly provided journalists with a sample of approximately 5,000 records containing information such as names, home addresses, telephone numbers, and details about family members.

The FBI has acknowledged that it is investigating claims of unauthorized activity involving its FBIjobs.gov website. However, the full extent of the alleged breach has not been independently established.

The hackers also claim that the attack was retaliation for an FBI cybersecurity warning issued earlier this year that described the group's activities and tactics.  Rather than demanding money, ShinyHunters has reportedly demanded that the FBI retract or correct that warning.  That's certainly an unusual twist on a cybersecurity story!

What Does This Have to Do With Dentistry?

You might be wondering why I'm discussing an FBI cybersecurity incident on the blog today.

Here's why.

If an organization with the resources and cybersecurity expertise of the FBI can potentially experience a significant breach, what does that tell us about the risks facing the average dental practice?  Think about everything connected to your practice network.  Your practice management software, digital radiography systems, intraoral scanners, insurance billing services, cloud storage, and even your email.

Every one of those systems represents another potential entry point for someone attempting to access your network or patient information.  And the risk doesn't necessarily stop at your office walls.

As we've recently seen with the reported eAssist cybersecurity incident, companies that provide services to dental practices can also become targets.  You may have excellent security in your office, but what about the companies that have access to your systems and patient records?  That's something every dentist needs to consider.

What Can We Do?

I'm certainly not suggesting that we abandon technology. Anyone who knows me understands that I believe technology has made dentistry better in countless ways.  However, we need to take cybersecurity just as seriously as we take infection control.

That means working with knowledgeable IT professionals, keeping software updated, using multifactor authentication, maintaining secure backups, and making sure our teams understand how to recognize suspicious emails and other potential threats.

It also means asking the companies we work with some important questions about how they're protecting our information.

We don't need to become cybersecurity experts, but we do need to understand that protecting patient information is part of our responsibility as healthcare providers.

The Bottom Line

The FBI incident is still being investigated, and we'll undoubtedly learn more about what happened in the coming days.  But regardless of the final outcome, the message for dentistry is clear.  Cybersecurity is no longer something we can afford to think about only when something goes wrong.  We spend a tremendous amount of time and effort protecting our patients clinically. We need to apply that same commitment to protecting their personal information.  Because at the end of the day, our patients trust us with more than just their oral health.

And that trust deserves to be protected.

AMD Lasers Fall "Flash Sale" for Incredible Discounts - Up to 45% Off!

Who doesn't love a good deal?  When I see good sales, I try to pass them along to all of you because dentistry is a tightrope between how much you produce versus how much you spend.  Obviously saving money is a good thing.

Along those lines, soft tissue lasers are also a good thing.  I've been using soft tissue lasers since the late 1990s and they are one of those tech items that once you learn how to use it, you never want to be without one.  You can do some amazing things with soft tissue lasers.  If someone came into the office and stole all of mine, I'd be reordering several immediately.  They've become that important to how I practice.

Some doctors have the misconception that diode lasers are only useful in the hygiene department and I want to make sure I emphasize, that's not true.  Diode lasers *are great tools for hygiene, but they can do much, much more for the doctor!*  That includes things like troughing of crown margins, cosmetic recontouring with incredibly predictable results, biopsies, frenectomies, removal of hyper-plastic tissue, and more.

One of the other great things about diode soft tissue lasers is their price.  They are not something that requires you to take out a loan or worrying about how to finance.  They definitely provide a good return on your investment.  But hey, if you can get a great laser for a lower price, why not take advantage of it?

I'm a fan of AMD Lasers and their Picasso line of diode soft tissue lasers.  I've used them a lot over my career and can tell you from personal experience they are well made and deliver great results.  Today, it's even better because AMD is offering a Fall Flash sale on their Picasso line.  You've only got until the end of the month to take advantage of this, so if you're interested, get on this one today.

Here's the offer:

45% Off Picasso Lasers!

The fall Picasso flash sale is here! Save 45% on our classic Picasso+, Picasso Lite+, and Picasso Clario soft tissue diode laser lineup.

That means:

• Save over $1,700 on the Picasso Clario hygiene laser, the first laser designed specifically for dental hygienists
• Save over $2,400 on the all-around practice workhorse Picasso Lite+ diode laser
• Save over $3,600 on the Picasso+ diode laser, offering laser-assisted teeth whitening and photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy
• This event only runs through September 30th, so don’t miss this chance for a major practice upgrade your patients will love.

Disclosure:  I don't receive any compensation for any sales by the company, but if you place an order, please tell them you read about it here.  Lasers can change the way you practice.
 

eAssist Suffers Ransomeware attack from group Direwolf

 

I haven't heard of a bad ransomware attack for a bit, but maybe that's because I haven't been looking hard enough.  Sometimes the news of a small practice suffering a hack doesn't make it to the major news sources.  However, when a company the size of eAssist does, it definitely makes news.

From what I can discern, on September 6, 2025 eAssist was hacked by a ransomware group calling itself DireWolf.  In case you haven't heard of eAssist, they are a company that allows doctors to outsource their billing, freeing the admin team up for other duties.  They are also majority owned by Henry Schein.

This is, or course, the second big cyber incident that Henry Schein has had to deal with.  You may well remember that in the fall of 2023 Henry Schein was hit by a *major* cyber attack that took their systems offline for several weeks.  It ended up affecting 166.000 individuals.  The company kept a pretty tide public lid on that event and even now, not much is known about it.  I suppose it would be helpful for the company to have already been through something like this before, to help them deal with the current situation.

I want to be clear in this post... I am NOT denigrating Henry Schein or eAssist here.  In the cyber realm all you can do is to try and lock things down as best you can.  There are sometimes ways these attacks unfold that even the best IT security people couldn't have foreseen.  If you are an eAssist customer, odds are that you have already been contacted by them regarding this, but on the odd chance you didn't know yet, you do now.

As far as what customers need to do...

I big salute to the Georgia Dental Association!  They have a put a great page together about this incident.  You can read their page here, but I've also put the contents of that page below so that you can read it here.

eAssist Dental Solutions notified customers on September 8 that it is investigating a potential information security incident.

According to eAssist, outside experts have been engaged to assist with the investigation and response. The company is working to determine the nature and scope of the incident, including whether customer or patient information was affected.

At this time:

• eAssist has confirmed that it is investigating a potential information security incident.
• The investigation remains ongoing.
• eAssist has not confirmed that customer or patient information was accessed or compromised.
• No specific records, credentials, or patient data types have been verified as exposed.
• eAssist stated that it will notify and provide guidance to affected parties as required based on the investigation’s findings.
• The DireWolf ransomware group has separately listed eAssist on its extortion site and claimed access to the company’s internal systems. The details of that claim have not been independently verified.

Out of an abundance of caution, eAssist has advised customers to change system passwords and remove old or inactive user accounts associated with practice-management software, clearinghouses, claims software, and online portals.

TaaSPAK recommends that practices currently using eAssist take the following actions:

1. Change practice management software passwords. Replace passwords for every account provided to or accessed by eAssist.
2. Change clearinghouse and claims software passwords. Update credentials for claims-processing platforms and related services.
3. Change insurance carrier portal passwords. Use completely new, unique passwords rather than variations of previous passwords.
4. Remove old or inactive accounts. Review accounts in your practice-management software, clearinghouses, claims applications, insurance portals, and remote-access platforms. Disable accounts that are no longer needed.
5. Secure remote access. Change remote-access credentials and remove any eAssist access that is no longer required.
6. Revoke active sessions and integrations. Changing a password may not terminate every active session or connection. Sign out active sessions and review saved credentials, third-party integrations, access tokens, and API keys where applicable.
7. Enable multifactor authentication. Require MFA wherever it is available, especially for email, remote access, insurance portals, clearinghouses, financial accounts, and administrative accounts.
8. Review account activity. Check recent login and access records for unfamiliar users, devices, locations, or activity. Preserve any suspicious logs or evidence before making additional changes.
9. Document your response. Record when your practice received the notification, which accounts eAssist could access, the credentials changed, the accounts disabled, and any suspicious activity identified.
10. Prepare for possible service interruptions. Identify time-sensitive claims, insurance verifications, payment postings, appeals, and follow-up work that may require internal attention during the investigation.
11. Alert your employees. Warn staff about potentially convincing phishing emails, calls, or text messages involving patients, claims, insurance carriers, billing activity, password resets, or requests to change payment information.
12. Contact your HIPAA compliance and cybersecurity partners. Ask them to help document the incident, review your practice’s exposure, and determine whether additional action is appropriate.

At this time, practices should not assume that a reportable HIPAA breach has occurred. That determination will depend on the findings of eAssist’s investigation and whether protected health information was accessed, acquired, used, or disclosed.

Practices should retain all communications from eAssist and consult their HIPAA compliance or legal advisors as additional facts become available.

eAssist directed customer questions to its Chief Operating Officer, Patrycja DeGradi, at patrycja.degradi@eassist.me.

Our endorsed managed IT services partner, TaaSPAK, is closely monitoring reports involving eAssist Dental Solutions and the DireWolf ransomware group to keep GDA members informed as the situation develops.

This is obviously a developing story.  If I get any more information on this, I will post more.  At this point *I highly recommend reach out to eAssit for further instructions on how your office should handle this situation.

 

The ‘Principles for Oral Health in the US’ Report if Released

 

I received the following info on Friday.  Periodontal disease is something the dental profession sees, diagnoses, and treats every day.  As the profession learns more about the disease and ways to potentially treat it, we need science to lead the way.  This is a long post, but that's because I also included the footnoted references for you to review as well.  Here's the report:

NHANES data show that 42.2% of dentate US adults aged 30 years or older had some degree of periodontitis, while prevalence reached 59.8% among adults aged 65 or older

Following two days of work and discussion at Kenvue’s headquarters in New Jersey, a multidisciplinary group of US and international experts has made progress in defining recommendations tailored to the realities of oral healthcare in the United States, with a focus on strengthening prevention and management of periodontal diseases.

Held as part of the ‘Principles for Oral Health’ initiative, led by the SEPA Foundation and sponsored by LISTERINE, the meeting brought together specialists in periodontology, dental hygiene, research, and education from leading US and international academic institutions, including the University of Michigan, the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), the University of Pennsylvania, Ohio State University, Texas A&M University, A.T. Still University, and Complutense University of Madrid.

“Bringing together this exceptional group of US and international experts reflects our conviction that prevention must sit at the heart of periodontal care. With more than four in ten American adults affected by periodontitis, translating rigorous science into practical, personalized guidance for the dental team has never been more important. Through ‘Principles for Oral Health’, LISTERINE and SEPA are proud to put science at the service of oral health professionals, and, ultimately, of their patients”, comment Smruti Nair, Medical Affairs Lead, Oral Care, Kenvue

A particularly significant challenge in the United States

The need to move toward risk-based preventive strategies is especially relevant given the high burden of periodontal disease in the United States. According to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data analyzed by Eke and colleagues, 42.2% of dentate US adults aged 30 years or older had some degree of periodontitis, while 7.8% had severe periodontitis. [1]

The same study reported an overall prevalence of periodontitis of 59.8% among adults aged 65 or older and 59.9% among people who reported having diabetes. Prevalence was also higher among men (50.2%) than women (34.6%) and among current smokers (62.4%) than nonsmokers (34.4%). [1]

These data underscore the importance of identifying groups with a higher burden of disease or greater difficulty maintaining adequate biofilm control, and of incorporating individual risk assessment into prevention strategies.

Gingivitis: an important prevention window

The prevention of periodontal disease begins with effective management of gingivitis, the reversible inflammatory condition of the gingiva that precedes periodontitis. Managing gingivitis therefore represents an important opportunity for intervention and prevention. [2,3,4]

Patient-performed oral hygiene, through toothbrushing and interdental cleaning, remains the cornerstone of gingivitis management and the prevention and management of periodontal diseases. However, even when patients receive appropriate instructions and brush for the recommended length of time, mechanical biofilm removal may be insufficient for part of the population.

What the evidence says about antiseptics

The scientific evidence reviewed supports the use of certain antiseptic agents and mouthrinses as adjuncts to mechanical oral-hygiene measures. Among the agents reviewed, essential oils, chlorhexidine, and cetylpyridinium chloride have shown the greatest efficacy in reducing dental biofilm and gingival inflammation when used in addition to mechanical control. [3,5]

Their role should be understood within a personalized, risk-based approach. These products should not be routinely recommended to the entire population; their use should be individualized according to the patient’s characteristics, clinical needs, and any difficulties in achieving adequate mechanical biofilm control. There is currently insufficient direct evidence to conclude that antiseptics used at home can, by themselves, prevent the onset of periodontitis. [3,4,5]

Prevention continues after periodontal treatment

Individualization is also particularly important for patients who have already received periodontitis treatment and are enrolled in periodontal maintenance programs. The available evidence points to additional benefits in terms of gingival inflammation and biofilm levels when certain antiseptics are used in addition to mechanical measures, especially in patients with local or systemic factors that make biofilm control more difficult. [6]

Secondary prevention—aimed at preventing disease recurrence—is therefore part of ongoing periodontal care. The goal is to maintain treatment outcomes over the long term and tailor oral-hygiene strategies to each patient’s circumstances.

Risk-based prevention: who may particularly benefit?

One of the main conclusions is that periodontal prevention should be tailored to each patient’s profile and needs. [2, 6] The experts consider it particularly important to identify the circumstances that may make daily biofilm control more difficult.

Local factors include difficulty accessing certain areas to clean them properly (as may occur in people with crowded teeth, restorations with overhanging margins, or certain orthodontic appliances), as well as anatomical features that encourage biofilm retention. Patients with extensive or complex prosthodontic restorations may also require specific consideration.

General factors include certain chronic diseases, particularly when diabetes is suboptimally controlled; frailty and advanced age; temporary or permanent limitations in manual dexterity; and low motivation to maintain appropriate oral-hygiene measures. Recovery after certain surgical procedures may also temporarily limit a patient’s ability to perform proper mechanical oral hygiene.

“Not all patients have the same ability to achieve effective biofilm control through mechanical measures. It is therefore essential to identify the circumstances that can make daily oral hygiene more difficult and assess when an adjunctive strategy may provide an additional benefit,” says Dr. Gustavo Ávila-Ortiz, co-leader of this project and Clinical Professor and Director of Graduate Periodontics, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry.

Situations in which mechanical oral hygiene may be limited

The recommendations also address certain clinical situations in which mechanical biofilm control may be temporarily compromised. During specific phases of periodontal treatment, chlorhexidine may be considered for limited periods as an adjunct to subgingival mechanical instrumentation in selected cases. [6] After certain surgical procedures, when the patient cannot adequately clean the treated area, certain mouthrinses may help control biofilm and promote favorable healing conditions. [7,8]

“The value of antiseptics does not lie in replacing toothbrushing or interdental cleaning, but in their ability to provide additional support for controlling biofilm and gingival inflammation in certain patients and clinical situations,” notes Dr. Ana Molina, Associate Professor of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, and co-leader of the project.

When should special precautions be taken?

Individualization also involves identifying situations in which special caution is required. The experts note that children under six and people who cannot adequately control swallowing should avoid mouthrinses to prevent accidental ingestion. The safety of these agents has not been sufficiently studied in pregnant or breastfeeding women; local regulations and the advice of the relevant healthcare professionals should therefore be followed.

More personalized prevention

The recommendations developed in New Jersey thus reinforce a central principle of ‘Principles for Oral Health’: the need to incorporate individual risk assessment into periodontal prevention. The available evidence makes it possible to identify situations in which certain adjunctive strategies may provide an additional benefit, but their use should always be integrated into an approach built on mechanical biofilm control, patient education, and professional follow-up.

The work carried out in the United States represents another step in the development of ‘Principles for Oral Health,’ an international initiative whose purpose is to translate scientific evidence and clinical practice guideline recommendations into a useful, practical framework for US oral-health professionals.

Expert panel

- Ana Molina: Associate Professor of Periodontology, Department of Clinical Dental Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM).

- Gustavo Ávila-Ortiz: Clinical Professor and Director of Graduate Periodontics, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry. Editor-in-Chief, The International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry.

- Elena Figuero: Associate Professor in Periodontology and Secretary of the Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM). Coordinator, ETEP Research Group. Director, Research Methodology in Dentistry Programme, SEPA. EFP Workshop Committee Chair.

- David Herrera: Dean of the Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM); Co-Director, Master’s Programme in Periodontology. EFP Workshop Committee Secretary.

- Effie Ioannidou: Professor and Chair, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Periodontology and Clinical Advances in Periodontics. President, AADOCR.

- Paul A. Levi, Jr., DMD: Professor, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (Barcelona).

- Carlos Parra: Clinical Associate Professor and Program Director, Postgraduate Periodontics, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas.

- Danielle Rulli, DHSc, MS, RDH, FNAP: Associate Professor and Director, Graduate Dental Hygiene Program, Ohio State University College of Dentistry.

- Ann Spolarich, RDH, PhD, FSCDH: Professor, Course Director of Pharmacology and Assistant Dean for Research, Arizona School of Dentistry & Oral Health (ASDOH), A.T. Still University.

- Flavia Teles: Professor, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine. Editorial Board member, Journal of Periodontology. Member, Task Force on Design and Analysis in Oral Health Research.

References

1. Eke PI, Thornton-Evans GO, Wei L, et al. Periodontitis in US Adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2014. J Am Dent Assoc. 2018;149(7):576–588.e6. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2018.04.023.

2. Chapple IL, Van der Weijden F, Doerfer C, et al. Primary prevention of periodontitis: managing gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42 Suppl 16:S71-S76. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12366.

3. Figuero E, Herrera D, Tobias A, et al. Efficacy of adjunctive anti-plaque chemical agents in managing gingivitis: a systematic review and network meta-analyses. J Clin Periodontol. 2019;46(7):723–739. doi:10.1111/jcpe.13127.

4. Serrano J, Escribano M, Roldan S, et al. Efficacy of adjunctive anti-plaque chemical agents in managing gingivitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42(Suppl 16):S106–138. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12331

5. Escribano M, Figuero E, Martin C, et al. Efficacy of adjunctive anti-plaque chemical agents: a systematic review and network meta-analyses of the Turesky modification of the Quigley and Hein plaque index. J Clin Periodontol. 2016;43(12):1059–1073. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12616.

6.Sanz M, Herrera D, Kebschull M, et al. Treatment of stage I–III periodontitis—The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47(Suppl 22):4–60. doi:10.1111/jcpe.13290.

7. Chye RML, Perrotti V, Piattelli A, et al. Effectiveness of Different Commercial Chlorhexidine-Based Mouthwashes After Periodontal and Implant Surgery: A Systematic Review. Implant Dent. 2019;28(1):74-85. doi:10.1097/ID.0000000000000854.

8. Solderer A, Kaufmann M, Hofer D, et al. Efficacy of chlorhexidine rinses after periodontal or implant surgery: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2019;23(1):21-32. doi:10.1007/s00784-018-2761-y.